Ferent’s Model of the atom, electrons and Dark Matter electrons orbit the nucleus

 “Ferent’s Model of the atom, electrons and Dark Matter electrons orbit the nucleus”

Adrian Ferent

 

“Gold atoms have 79 electrons and more than two Dark Matter electrons”

Adrian Ferent

 

“The creation of an electron-positron pair near a nucleus means that there are more than two Dark Matter electrons near the atomic nucleus”

Adrian Ferent

 

“Pair production, a photon creating an electron–positron pair near a nucleus, is the proof for Ferent’s Model of the atom”

Adrian Ferent

 

“The photon's energy is converted to particle mass in accordance with Ferent’s equation: 

E=m⋅c^2 + md⋅vp^2 “

Adrian Ferent

 

“Pair production is the proof for Ferent’s Model of the Atom”

Adrian Ferent

 

The atomic nucleus is the small, dense region, composed of protons and neutrons at the center of an atom.

 

After Rutherford published his results proving the existence of the proton, for decades, the proton was considered an elementary particle.

Today the electron is considered an elementary particle.

 

The nucleus of an atom consists of neutrons and protons, which in turn are the manifestation of more elementary particles, called quarks.

 

Protons define the entire charge of a nucleus and hence its chemical identity.

Neutrons are electrically neutral, but contribute to the mass of a nucleus to nearly the same extent as the protons.

 

In the early 20th century, after numerous experiments, physicists were just beginning to put together a coherent picture of the atom.

 

Bohr model of the atom

Electrons orbit the nucleus.

 

Niels Bohr proposed a model in which the electrons of an atom were assumed to orbit the nucleus but could only do so in a finite set of orbits and could jump between these orbits only in discrete changes of energy corresponding to absorption or radiation of a photon.

 

The electron is held in a circular orbit by electrostatic attraction.

The centripetal force is equal to the Coulomb force.

 

Pair production

 

Pair production is the creation of a subatomic particle and its antiparticle from a neutral boson.

For example: creating an electron and a positron, a muon and an antimuon, or a proton and an antiproton.

 

Physicists have used a short, ultra-intense laser to irradiate a millimeter-thick gold target and produce more than 100 billion positrons.

 

The photon must be near a nucleus in order to satisfy conservation of momentum.

If an electron–positron pair is produced in free space, cannot satisfy conservation of both energy and momentum.

Because of this, when pair production occurs, the atomic nucleus receives some recoil.

 

Therefore, this approximation can only be satisfied if the electron and positron are emitted in very nearly the same direction.

 

A high energy photon creates an electron–positron pair near a nucleus.

The energy of the photon is at least the total rest mass energy of the two particles created.

 

Photon energy:

E = hf

 

Photon energy required to make an electron-positron pair:

E = mc^2

 

E = 2(9.11×10^(-31) kg)(3×10^8 m/s)^2 = 16.4 × 10^(-14) J

E = 1.02 MeV

 

The wavelength of the photon:  λ = hc / E

 

It is a gamma ray: λ = 1.21 ×10^(-12) m

The reverse of this process is electron–positron annihilation.

 

Ferent Quantum Gravity (FQG):

 

“I discovered Dark Matter (Ferent Matter) between the Planck Wall and the Ferent Wall, when all scientists were saying that Dark Matter is Transparent Matter!”

Adrian Ferent

 

“The electron is a photon with energy of 0.51 MeV around Dark Matter”

Adrian Ferent

 

“The positron is a photon with energy of 0.51 MeV around Dark Matter”

Adrian Ferent

 

“The electron is composed of a photon and a Dark Matter electron”

Adrian Ferent

 

“The positron is composed of a photon and a Dark Matter electron”

Adrian Ferent

 

“In Ferent Quantum Gravity the positrons are made of Gamma rays and Dark Matter. This  is the proof for Ferent’s mass–energy equivalence equation:

E=m⋅c^2 + md⋅vp^2“

Adrian Ferent

 

“The Dark Matter electron mass is 2700 times smaller than the electron mass”

Adrian Ferent

 

“The Dark Matter electron mass is 2700 times smaller than the positron mass”

Adrian Ferent

 

“Dark Matter electron mass is another proof that Ferent Quantum Gravity is the right Gravitation theory and Einstein’s Gravitation theory, the Standard Model, String theory, LQG…are wrong theories”

Adrian Ferent

 

“Gravity supplies the necessary centripetal force to hold the photon in orbit around the Dark Matter electron”

Adrian Ferent

 

“The high energy Gravitons emitted by Dark Matter electron keep the photon inside the electron”

Adrian Ferent

 

“The high energy Gravitons emitted by Dark Matter electron keep the photon inside the positron”

Adrian Ferent

 

“The positron energy is the sum of the photon energy and the Dark Matter electron energy”

Adrian Ferent

 

“The positron (fermion) is a photon (boson) and a Dark Matter electron (Dark Matter). The Standard Model is wrong.”

 Adrian Ferent

 

“Ferent discovered what Antimatter is, what the positron is”

Adrian Ferent

 

Pair production often refers explicitly to a photon creating an electron–positron pair near a nucleus. 

For photons with high photon energy, pair production is the dominant mode of photon interaction with matter. 

 

If the photon is near an atomic nucleus, the energy of a photon can be converted into an electron–positron pair.

 

This means:

 

 “The creation of an electron-positron pair near a nucleus means that there are more than two Dark Matter electrons near the atomic nucleus”

Adrian Ferent

 

“The photon's energy is converted to particle mass in accordance with Ferent’s equation: 

E=m⋅c^2 + md⋅vp^2 “

Adrian Ferent

 

“The particle energy E is the sum of Matter energy and Dark Matter energy:

 E = Em + Edm”

Adrian Ferent

 

Ferent’s Model of the atom:

 

 “Ferent’s Model of the atom, electrons and Dark Matter particles orbit the nucleus”

Adrian Ferent

 

“Dark Matter particle is held in an orbit around the nucleus by Gravitational attraction”

Adrian Ferent

 

 “Dark Matter particles orbit the nucleus of the atom”

Adrian Ferent

 

“Heavier atoms have more Dark Matter particles”

Adrian Ferent

 

 “I discovered these Dark Matter particles: Dark Matter electrons and Dark Matter quarks”

Adrian Ferent

 

“Dark Matter electrons are inside the electrons and positrons, Dark Matter quarks are inside the quarks and antiquarks”

 Adrian Ferent

 

“When the primordial Black Hole reached Ferent Density Big Bang started”

Adrian Ferent

 

In 2008 the Titan laser, aimed at a 1 millimeter-thick gold\ target, was used to generate positron–electron pairs in large numbers. 

 

This means:

 

“Gold atoms have 79 electrons and more than two Dark Matter electrons”

Adrian Ferent

 

“Pair production, a photon creating an electron–positron pair near a nucleus, is the proof for Ferent’s Model of the Atom”

Adrian Ferent

 

“Pair production is the proof for Ferent’s Model of the Atom”

Adrian Ferent

 

736. I am the first who discovered Ferent’s Model of the atom, electrons and Dark Matter electrons orbit the nucleus

 

737. I am the first who discovered that gold atoms have 79 electrons and more than two Dark Matter electrons

 

738. I am the first who discovered that the creation of an electron-positron pair near a nucleus means that there are more than two Dark Matter electrons near the atomic nucleus

 

739. I am the first who discovered that pair production, a photon creating an electron–positron pair near a nucleus, is the proof for Ferent’s Model of the atom

 

740. I am the first who discovered that the photon's energy is converted to particle mass in accordance with Ferent’s equation: E=m⋅c^2 + md⋅vp^2

 

741. I am the first who discovered that pair production is the proof for Ferent’s Model of the Atom

 

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/375838246_Ferent's_Model_of_the_atom_electrons_and_Dark_Matter_electrons_orbit_the_nucleus

Ferent’s Model of the atom, electrons and Dark Matter particles orbit the nucleus

 

“Ferent’s Model of the atom, electrons and Dark Matter particles orbit the nucleus”

Adrian Ferent

 

“Dark Matter particles orbit the nucleus of the atom”

Adrian Ferent

 

“Heavier atoms have more Dark Matter particles”

Adrian Ferent

 

“Dark Matter particle is held in an orbit around the nucleus by Gravitational attraction”

Adrian Ferent

 

“I discovered these Dark Matter particles: Dark Matter electrons and Dark Matter quarks”

Adrian Ferent

 

“Dark Matter electrons are inside the electrons and positrons, Dark Matter quarks are inside the quarks and antiquarks”

 Adrian Ferent

 

“When the primordial Black Hole reached Ferent Density Big Bang started”

Adrian Ferent

 

The atomic nucleus is the small, dense region, composed of protons and neutrons at the center of an atom.

The nucleus was discovered in 1911.

 

After the discovery of the neutron in 1932, models for a nucleus composed of protons and neutrons were developed by Dmitri Ivanenko and Werner Heisenberg.

The main role of neutrons is to reduce electrostatic repulsion inside the nucleus.

 

An atom is composed of a positively charged nucleus, with a cloud of negatively charged electrons surrounding it, bound together by electrostatic force.

Almost all of the mass of an atom is located in the nucleus, with a very small contribution from the electron cloud.

 

The electron had already been discovered by J. J. Thomson.

Knowing that atoms are electrically neutral, J. J. Thomson postulated that there must be a positive charge as well.

 

After Rutherford published his results proving the existence of the proton, for decades, the proton was considered an elementary particle.

 

J.J. Thomson is credited with the discovery of the electron on the basis of his experiments with cathode rays in 1897, various physicists, including William Crookes, Arthur Schuster, Philipp Lenard, and others who had also conducted cathode ray experiments claimed that they deserved the credit. 

Today the electron is considered an elementary particle.

 

Individual chemical elements can create more stable electron configurations by combining to share their electrons.

 

Ferent discovered what the electron is:

 

“The electron is a photon around Dark Matter”

 

The nucleus of an atom consists of neutrons and protons, which in turn are the manifestation of more elementary particles, called quarks.

 

Protons define the entire charge of a nucleus and hence its chemical identity.

Neutrons are electrically neutral, but contribute to the mass of a nucleus to nearly the same extent as the protons.

 

In the early 20th century, after numerous experiments, physicists were just beginning to put together a coherent picture of the atom.

Electrons move around the nucleus.

An atom is best visualized as a dense nucleus surrounded by buzzing, orbiting electrons.

 

Bohr model of the atom

Electrons orbit the nucleus.

 

Niels Bohr proposed a model in which the electrons of an atom were assumed to orbit the nucleus but could only do so in a finite set of orbits and could jump between these orbits only in discrete changes of energy corresponding to absorption or radiation of a photon.

 

The electron is held in a circular orbit by electrostatic attraction.

The centripetal force is equal to the Coulomb force.

 

Erwin Schrödinger model of the atom

 

Electrons can act like particles and waves (just like light).

Electrons do not follow sharply defined orbits (like in Bohr's model), but rather are found in orbitals.

Orbitals are nothing like orbits. They are areas of probability.

Schrödinger's atomic model is based on the quantum mechanical and wave nature of electrons, both of which are described in equations called wave functions.

 

Waves in a confined space have to follow special rules.

They can't just have any wavelength; they must be made out of ‘standing waves’ that fit inside the space.

 

You have to add energy to the atom if you want to remove the electron.

It is the same situation with the planets in orbit around the sun: To remove a planet from the solar system, you'd have to add energy to the system.

 

Ferent Quantum Gravity (FQG):

 

“I discovered Dark Matter (Ferent Matter) between the Planck Wall and the Ferent Wall, when all scientists were saying that Dark Matter is Transparent Matter!”

Adrian Ferent

 

“The electron is a photon with energy of 0.51 MeV around Dark Matter”

Adrian Ferent

 

“The positron is a photon with energy of 0.51 MeV around Dark Matter”

Adrian Ferent

 

“The Dark Matter electron mass is 2700 times smaller than the electron mass”

Adrian Ferent

 

“The Dark Matter electron mass is 2700 times smaller than the positron mass”

Adrian Ferent

 

“Dark Matter electron mass is another proof that Ferent Quantum Gravity is the right Gravitation theory and Einstein’s Gravitation theory, the Standard Model, String theory, LQG…are wrong theories”

Adrian Ferent

 

“Gravity supplies the necessary centripetal force to hold the photon in orbit around the Dark Matter electron”

Adrian Ferent

 

“The high energy Gravitons emitted by Dark Matter electron keep the photon inside the electron”

Adrian Ferent

 

“The high energy Gravitons emitted by Dark Matter electron keep the photon inside the positron”

Adrian Ferent

 

“The positron (fermion) is a photon (boson) and a Dark Matter electron (Dark Matter). The Standard Model is wrong.”

 Adrian Ferent

 

“Ferent discovered what Antimatter is, what the positron is”

Adrian Ferent

 

“At particle accelerators the scientists do not understand what they collide, because they do not understand what Matter is, what Antimatter is and what Dark Matter is”

Adrian Ferent

 

 “The density of Dark Matter electron is greater than Planck density”

Adrian Ferent

 

“We do not see Dark Matter energy because at light speed Dark Matter energy is not released”

Adrian Ferent

 

“The up quark is composed of a photon and a Dark Matter quark”

Adrian Ferent

 

“The down quark is composed of a photon and a Dark Matter quark”

Adrian Ferent

 

“The Dark Matter quark is the Dark Matter inside the quark”

 Adrian Ferent

 

“Big Bang from Ferent Wall”

Adrian Ferent

 

“When the primordial Black Hole reached Ferent Density Big Bang started”

Adrian Ferent

 

“Before the Planck Wall the Universe was not Hot as you learned at universities”

Adrian Ferent

 

“From the primordial Black Hole not all Dark Matter was changed in Matter at Planck time that is why in the Universe 85% is Dark Matter”

Adrian Ferent

 

“I discovered these Dark Matter particles: Dark Matter electrons and Dark Matter quarks”

Adrian Ferent

 

In the Universe there are a lot of Dark Matter particles, like Dark Matter electrons and Dark Matter quarks.

 

Where are these Dark Matter particles?

 

“Dark Matter electrons are inside the electrons and positrons, Dark Matter quarks are inside the quarks and antiquarks.”

 Adrian Ferent

 

Ferent’s Model of the atom:

 

“Dark Matter particles orbit the nucleus of the atom”

Adrian Ferent

 

“Heavier atoms have more Dark Matter particles”

Adrian Ferent

 

“Dark Matter particle is held in an orbit around the nucleus by Gravitational attraction”

Adrian Ferent

 

“Ferent’s Model of the atom, electrons and Dark Matter particles orbit the nucleus”

Adrian Ferent

 

729. I am the first who discovered Ferent’s Model of the atom, electrons and Dark Matter particles orbit the nucleus

 

730. I am the first who discovered that Dark Matter particles orbit the nucleus of the atom

 

731. I am the first who discovered that heavier atoms have more Dark Matter particles

 

732. I am the first who discovered that Dark Matter particle is held in an orbit around the nucleus by Gravitational attraction

 

733. I am the first who discovered these Dark Matter particles: Dark Matter electrons and Dark Matter quarks

 

734. I am the first who discovered that Dark Matter electrons are inside the electrons and positrons, Dark Matter quarks are inside the quarks and antiquarks

 

735. I am the first who discovered that when the primordial Black Hole reached Ferent Density Big Bang started

 

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/375584214_Ferent's_Model_of_the_atom_electrons_and_Dark_Matter_particles_orbit_the_nucleus

 

Ferent discovered what Antimatter is, what the positron is

 “Ferent discovered what Antimatter is, what the positron is”

Adrian Ferent

 

“I discovered Dark Matter (Ferent Matter) between the Planck Wall and the Ferent Wall, when all scientists were saying that Dark Matter is Transparent Matter!”

Adrian Ferent

 

“The high energy Gravitons emitted by Dark Matter electron keep the photon inside the positron”

Adrian Ferent

 

“The Dark Matter electron mass is 2700 times smaller than the positron mass”

Adrian Ferent

 

“The positron energy is the sum of the photon energy and the Dark Matter electron energy”

Adrian Ferent

 

“The positron (fermion) is a photon (boson) and a Dark Matter electron (Dark Matter). The Standard Model is wrong”

 Adrian Ferent

 

Antimatter is defined as matter composed of the antiparticles of the corresponding particles in common matter and can be thought of as matter with reversed charge, parity, and time, known as CPT reversal. 

 

A collision between any particle and its anti-particle partner leads to their mutual annihilation, giving rise to various proportions of gamma rays, neutrinos and sometimes lighter particle–antiparticle pairs.

 

The interpretation of the positron:

 

Dirac wrote a follow-up paper in December 1929 that attempted to explain the unavoidable negative-energy solution for the relativistic electron. He argued that "... an electron with negative energy moves in an external [electromagnetic] field as though it carries a positive charge."

 

Richard Feynman and Ernst Stueckelberg proposed an interpretation of the positron as an electron moving backward in time, reinterpreting the negative-energy solutions of the Dirac equation. Electrons moving backward in time would have a positive electric charge. 

John Archibald Wheeler invoked this concept to explain the identical properties shared by all electrons, suggesting that "they are all the same electron" with a complex, self-intersecting worldline. 

Yoichiro Nambu said: "the eventual creation and annihilation of pairs that may occur now and then is no creation or annihilation, but only a change of direction of moving particles, from the past to the future, or from the future to the past.”

 

Positrons are produced in β+ decays of naturally occurring radioactive isotopes and in interactions of gamma rays with matter.

 

Satellite experiments have found evidence of positrons in primary cosmic rays.

 

Physicists have used a short, ultra-intense laser to irradiate a millimeter-thick gold target and produce more than 100 billion positrons.

 

Pair production

 

Pair production is the creation of a subatomic particle and its antiparticle from a neutral boson.

For example: creating an electron and a positron, a muon and an antimuon, or a proton and an antiproton.

 

After Rutherford published his results proving the existence of the proton, for decades, the proton was considered an elementary particle.

 

J.J. Thomson is credited with the discovery of the electron on the basis of his experiments with cathode rays in 1897, various physicists, including William Crookes, Arthur Schuster, Philipp Lenard, and others who had also conducted cathode ray experiments claimed that they deserved the credit. 

Today the electron is considered an elementary particle.

 

Ferent discovered what the electron is:

 

“The electron is a photon around Dark Matter”

 

A high energy photon creates an electron–positron pair near a nucleus.

The energy of the photon is at least the total rest mass energy of the two particles created.

 

Conservation of energy and momentum are the principal constraints on the process. 

All other conserved quantum numbers (angular momentum, electric charge, lepton number) of the produced particles must sum to zero, the created particles shall have opposite values of each other. 

For example if one particle has electric charge of +1, the positron, the other must have electric charge of −1, the electron.

 

Photon energy:

E = hf

 

Photon energy required to make an electron-positron pair:

E = mc^2

 

E = 2(9.11×10^(-31) kg)(3×10^8 m/s)^2 = 16.4 × 10^(-14) J

E = 1.02 MeV

 

The wavelength of the photon:  λ = hc / E

 

It is a gamma ray: λ = 1.21 ×10^(-12) m

 

Ferent Quantum Gravity (FQG):

 

“I discovered Dark Matter (Ferent Matter) between the Planck Wall and the Ferent Wall, when all scientists were saying that Dark Matter is Transparent Matter!”

Adrian Ferent

 

All the scientists said Transparent Matter because they plagiarize each other!

 

“The electron is a photon around Dark Matter”

Adrian Ferent

 

“The positron is a photon around Dark Matter”

Adrian Ferent

 

“The electron is a photon with energy of 0.51 MeV around Dark Matter”

Adrian Ferent

 

“The positron is a photon with energy of 0.51 MeV around Dark Matter”

Adrian Ferent

 

“The electron is composed of a photon and a Dark Matter electron”

Adrian Ferent

 

“The positron is composed of a photon and a Dark Matter electron”

Adrian Ferent

 

“The Dark Matter electron mass is 2700 times smaller than the electron mass”

Adrian Ferent

 

“The Dark Matter electron mass is 2700 times smaller than the positron mass”

Adrian Ferent

 

“Dark Matter electron mass is another proof that Ferent Quantum Gravity is the right Gravitation theory and Einstein’s Gravitation theory, the Standard Model, String theory, LQG…are wrong theories”

Adrian Ferent

 

“Gravity supplies the necessary centripetal force to hold the photon in orbit around the Dark Matter electron”

Adrian Ferent

 

“The high energy Gravitons emitted by Dark Matter electron keep the photon inside the electron”

Adrian Ferent

 

“The high energy Gravitons emitted by Dark Matter electron keep the photon inside the positron”

Adrian Ferent

 

“The positron energy is the sum of the photon energy and the Dark Matter electron energy”

Adrian Ferent

 

“The particle energy E is the sum of Matter energy and Dark Matter energy:

 E = Em + Edm”

Adrian Ferent

 

“Because in Ferent Quantum Gravity the positrons are made of Gamma rays and Dark Matter, is the proof for Ferent’s mass–energy equivalence equation:

E=mc^2 + mdvp^2“

Adrian Ferent

 

“The positron (fermion) is a photon (boson) and a Dark Matter electron (Dark Matter). The Standard Model is wrong.”

 Adrian Ferent

 

“Ferent discovered what Antimatter is, what the positron is”

Adrian Ferent

 

723. Ferent discovered what Antimatter is, what the positron is

 

724. I discovered Dark Matter (Ferent Matter) between the Planck Wall and the Ferent Wall, when all scientists were saying that Dark Matter is Transparent Matter!

 

725. I am the first who discovered that the high energy Gravitons emitted by Dark Matter electron keep the photon inside the positron

 

726. I am the first who discovered that the Dark Matter electron mass is 2700 times smaller than the positron mass

 

727. I am the first who discovered that the positron energy is the sum of the photon energy and the Dark Matter electron energy

 

728. I am the first who discovered that the positron (fermion) is a photon (boson) and a Dark Matter electron (Dark Matter). The Standard Model is wrong

 

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/375283714_Ferent_discovered_what_Antimatter_is_what_the_positron_is